![]() ![]() 39,40 The nonlinearity of these terms is responsible for capturing shock waves and contact discontinuities. The order of accuracy and the numerical design of the discretization method for the convective (non-linear) terms play an important role in the accuracy of numerical simulations. In severe cases, blast injuries to the GI system can be life-threatening and may require urgent medical intervention. This can result in internal bleeding, organ failure, and other serious complications. ![]() 2 Explosions can also cause damage to other organs in the abdominal cavity, such as the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Disrupting the intestines can lead to various symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. This can occur due to the blast wave effects on the abdominal organs and the indirect effects of the sudden change in atmospheric pressure. 22 One of the primary effects of a blast on the GI system is the disruption of the intestines' normal function. For example, even overpressures as low as 5–10 psi can cause structural damage to the brain, leading to cognitive and behavioral impairments. ![]() However, the brain is susceptible to blast injuries, and even relatively low levels of overpressure can cause significant damage. The study concludes that forces resulting from the high airspeeds that develop are likely to cause greater injury than the blast overpressure itself.ĭetermining specific blast overpressure values for brain, lung, and gastrointestinal (GI) injuries is difficult. The simulations show a common asymptotic decay behavior of the wind force and blast overpressure across rooms at later times. Corridors and locations facing the doors are particularly dangerous. Secondary blast injuries will occur due to the debris and high airspeeds behind the blast. The likelihood of primary injury increases from the repeated shockwaves due to their continuous reflections of the walls, impacting the lungs and gastrointestinal tract significantly and causing eardrums to burst and brain hemorrhage. The impact on human organs, such as the lungs, brain, and gastrointestinal system, will vary in the adjacent spaces. The blast effects will be fatal for humans in the room where the explosion occurs. The study reveals that the force generated can be up to 60 times the human's weight, even in the spaces adjacent to the room where the explosion occurred. The explosion magnitude could correspond to a malicious act, such as someone carrying a rucksack with the above explosive. We present high-order simulations for an explosion equivalent to 2.5 lbs of trinitrotoluene in a simplified indoor environment comprising three rooms and a corridor. Although the present findings also apply to external explosions, we chose the indoor case as this is a more complex problem. However, this study shows that the wind force generated behind the blast can affect humans more significantly, even for relatively low blast overpressures. The standard approach from the engineering and medical communities is that blast overpressure is the criterion that determines trauma and injury. This paper concerns indoor explosions and the impact of blasts on humans. ![]()
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